DQ
No.1: Answer
Is management an art or a science or both?
Management has been realized
as one of the major parts of any organizations. But the question here is that is
management an art or a science or both? In the past it was profoundly perceived
as an art but these days it is being perceived as a science. Although there is
a controversy, whether it is an art or a science, I believe that it is both,
the oldest of arts and the youngest of sciences.
Management can be seen
as an art. Art refers to application of knowledge and skills to bring out the
desired results. The essential elements of art include practical knowledge,
personal skills, result oriented, creativity and improvement through continuous
practice. Like any other art, Managements, for instance, need to apply these
practical knowledge and personal skills creatively in order to achieve the
desired goals. Thus, the similar features and functions can be identified between
the fields of management and art so that it can be viewed as an art.
On the other hand, Management
can be viewed as a science. Science is a systematized body of knowledge
gathered by verifiable observation and experiment. The essential features of
science include universally applicable principles, cause and effect
relationship between various factors, and development through experiments,
validity and predictability. These features also can be applied in the
management field so that it can be viewed as a behavioral science. However, it is
not an exact science as physics, chemistry and other physical sciences.
Having said all the
above, it is clear that management is both, an art and a science because there
are some similar features and functions among the arts, sciences and management.
Thus, if a coin is management then its two sides are art and science. We cannot separate them and both are very
essential for the success of management.
Managers
can be developed?
Of Course, managers can
be developed by acquiring or developing the managerial skills which are very
necessary for the better performance of management. They are as follows:
1. Human
Skills: Human skills refer to the ability of managers that are directly linked
to managing people effectively by planning, organizing, leading and controlling
functions.
2. Conceptual
Skills: Conceptual skills mean the ability to analyze and diagnose the various
complex situations and solve them accordingly.
3. Technical
skills: they are the abilities of managers to apply knowledge, methods and
techniques in order to solve managerial tasks.
Hence, managers are not
born and they can be developed by making them aware of above three skills and
abilities.
There are lots of
characteristics which discriminate between the successful managers and
unsuccessful managers. They can be of
following types:
Characteristics
of successful Managers:
1.
Panning:
Successful
managers are those who can make a smart planning. They should know what needs
to be done by when. For instance, if someone gives them a task then they are
able to plan the steps involved in order to achieve that goal and communicate
the steps to the employees to carry those steps out.
2.
Organization:
There
are lots of resources available in the organization, but successful managers
cannot stay like a statue. They have to organize the resources in an effective
manner so that organizational goals can be achieved easily.
3.
Leadership:
Leadership
is the process of leading and influencing other people to do the certain tasks
effectively. Like a good leader, manager also should be able to lead and
influence other employees so that organizational goals can be achieved.
4.
Controlling:
Controlling
is every manager’s job so that managers should be able to establish the
standards and measure the actual performances and find deviation if any, and
corrective action should be taken accordingly.
5. Communication
and coordination
Effective
communication is essential for the success of any organization. It is a two way
process where managers should be able to exchange the intended messages with
their employees. Good managers also should be able to listen employees’ views
effectively.
6.
Staffing:
Staffing
refers to managing human resources by matching employees’ abilities and skills
into organizational roles and structures. Thus, manager should be able to
estimate manpower, recruitment, selection, training and development of
personnel.
7.
Motivation
Motivation
is the process of inspiring others to do the stated job more enthusiastically.
Managers should have motivational power over their employees so that
organizational objectives will be achieved.
8.
Proactive problem-solving
This
is the age of globalization and business situations are getting more
difficulties years after years. For handling such difficulties, managers should
be able to solve them actively.
9.
Educational Qualification
Nowadays
educational qualification has become more important than ever before. So, every
manager should have their job-related qualification to get a managerial job.
Hence, manager must be educated enough to get the things done through other
people.
10.
Up-to-date with PEST environment:
It
has now become impossible to be a successful manager without being aware of
Political-legal, Economical, socio-cultural and Technological factors.
Therefore, managers should be updated with changing environmental factors if
they want to succeed in their chosen areas.
DQ
No.2: Answer:
Can
attitudes be changed?
An attitude refers to
the way an individual feels towards objects, people and events. Attitude is the
foundation of behavior which can be changed with a continuous effort. People
think attitudes as a simple concept, but in reality, it is very complex and has
a great impact on the behavior of each individual. Attitudes can be changed
from positive to negative and vice versa, but it is not possible all of a
sudden because there are many factors at play into it.
1. Experience:
It is one of the major sources of
attitude formation. Being familiar with new experiences, we can change our
attitudes. For instance, if I don’t like the job of company ‘A’ because it pays
lower salary so I have negative attitude towards company A. However, it can be
changed by shifting from lower paid company to higher paid, let say company
‘B’.
2. Relationship(association):
An individual’s relationship with others
also can help to change the attitudes because different people have different
background -age, race, sex, income-class, education etc.
3. Family,
peer groups and society:
Attitudes are more importantly shaped by
their family, peer groups and society. Literally, attitudes can be changed by
leaving the family, changing groups and society. Therefore, all these play a
vital role in changing the attitudes of an individual.
4. Personal
factors:
Attitudes are the combining result of person’s
affective, cognitive and behavioral components. In fact, person’s attitude is
directly influenced by his/her internal psychological world so that by changing
his/her beliefs, values, knowledge, emotions and feelings and so forth,
attitudes can be changed.
The relationship between attitudes and job
satisfaction
Different persons have
different attitudes at different times. Even the same person has different
attitudes towards different situations, people and events. Job satisfaction
refers to an individual’s favorable psychological state towards his/her job. In
other words, it is the amount of agreement between a person’s expectation and
the rewards that the work provides. The relationship between attitudes and job
satisfaction is influenced by the salary, the work itself, promotion opportunities,
supervisions and co-workers etc. In short, there is a direct and positive
relationship between attitudes and job satisfaction. For instance, if a person has a high level of
job satisfaction means that person has a positive attitude toward the job and
vice versa. The job satisfaction, job involvement and the organizational
commitment are likely to increase when there is a favorable attitudes towards
the job.
Do
drug rehabilitation programs focus on attitudes, behavior, or both?
Attitudes and behaviors
are directly linked with each other so that they affect each other. Drug
rehabilitation programs are very useful to help people who are addicted with
taking drugs. The main thing we have to know is that the relationship between
rehabilitation programs, attitudes and behavior.
Drug rehabilitation
programs focus on both, attitudes and behavior. Attitudes cause the behavior of
each individual because behavior is more observable but attitudes are the
result of psychological state so less observable. However, both of them are
affected by rehabilitation programs and reason for this is that they are
interlinked and cannot be isolated one from another.
Can
students give examples of times when their behavior was very different from
their attitudes?
The behavior and
attitudes of each individual may not be the same all the time. When there is
disagreement between people’s attitudes and behaviors then dissonance takes
place in the mind so that we need to resolve this problem as soon as possible.
The following is an example of how my behavior was different from my attitude.
My behavior was very
different from my own attitude when I used to go the college for my bachelor
degree. At that time, I had a positive feeling towards all teachers so I was
excited to learn more by interacting with the class teacher. I think it was OB
class. When a teacher came in my class and asked me to give the definition of
organizational behavior, I was shocked at the first because I didn’t have any
knowledge about what is OB so I couldn’t answer my teacher’s that question. But the teacher scolded me a lot and I started
showing the behavior of not interacting with the teacher though I liked to
interact with him. In this situation, my attitude was to love asking and
interacting with the teacher but in reality, I couldn’t behave like that. So
there was a difference between my attitude and my behavior towards that
teacher.
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